British Army

The British Army is the land warfare branch of Her Majesty's Armed Forces in the United Kingdom. It came into being with the unification of the Kingdom of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. It has been managed by the Ministry of Defence since 1964.

The full-time element of the British Army is referred to as the Regular Army since the creation of the reservist Territorial Force in 1908. The British Army is deployed in many of the world's war zones as part of both Expeditionary Forces and in United Nations Peacekeeping forces. The British Army is currently deployed in Kosovo, Cyprus, Germany, Afghanistan and many other places.

All members of the Army swear (or affirm) allegiance to the monarch as commander-in-chief. However the Bill of Rights of 1689 requires Parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a standing army in peacetime. Parliament therefore annually approves the continued existence of the Army.

In contrast to the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, the British Army does not include Royal in its title. Many of the Army's constituent Regiments and Corps have been granted the "Royal" prefix and have members of the Royal Family occupying senior positions within some regiments.

The professional head of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff, currently General Sir Peter Wall KCB CBE ADC Gen.

History

The British Army came into being with the merger of the Scottish Army and the English Army, following the unification of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, as the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated existing English and Scottish regiments, and was controlled from London.^[1]

From the time of the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, Great Britain and its successor the United Kingdom has been one of the leading military and economic powers of the world.^[2]

Early British Empire

The British Empire expanded in this time to include colonies, protectorates, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as having been vital for the rise of the British Empire, and British dominance of the world, the British Army played an important role in the colonisation of India and other regions.^[3] Typical tasks included garrisoning the colonies, capturing strategically important territories, and participating in actions to pacify colonial borders, provide support to allied governments, suppress Britain's rivals, and protect against foreign powers and hostile natives.

British troops also helped capture strategically important territories, allowing their empire to expand throughout the globe. The army also involved itself in numerous wars meant to pacify the borders, or to prop-up friendly governments, and thereby keep other, competitive, empires away from the British Empire's borders. Among these actions were the Seven Years' War,^[4] the American Revolutionary War,^[5] the Napoleonic Wars,^[6] the First and Second Opium Wars,^[7] the Boxer Rebellion,^[8] the New Zealand land wars,^[9] the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857,^[10] the First and Second Boer Wars,^[11] the Fenian raids,^[12] the Irish War of Independence,^[7] its serial interventions into Afghanistan (which were meant to maintain a friendly buffer state between British India and the Russian Empire),^[13] and the Crimean War (to keep the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey's aid).^[14]

As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the Seven Years' War^[4] and subsequently suppressed a Native American uprising in Pontiac's War.^[15] The British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada.^[16]

The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the army served in multiple campaigns across Europe (including continuous deployment in the Peninsular War), the Caribbean, North Africa and later in North America. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Bulcher defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.^[17]

The English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the pope in 1171. English republican dictator, Oliver Cromwell's campaign was characterised by its uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns (most notably Drogheda) that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War. The English Army (and subsequently the British Army) stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. It was faced with the prospect of battling Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots peoples in Ireland, who alongside their other Irish groups had raised their own volunteer army and threatened to emulate the American colonists if their conditions were not met. The British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster (Wolfe Tone's United Irishmen) in the 1798 rebellion.^[18]

In addition to battling the armies of other European Empires (and of its former colonies, the United States, in the American War of 1812),^[19] in the battle for global supremacy, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars,^[7] and the Boxer Rebellion,^[8] Māori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars,^[9] Nawab Shiraj-ud-Daula's forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Sepoy Rebellion of 1857,^[11] the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars,^[11] Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian raids^[12] and Irish separatists in the Anglo-Irish War.^[7]

Following William and Mary's accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Mary's father, James II.^[20] Following the 1707 union of England and Scotland, and the 1801 creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British foreign policy, on the continent, was to contain expansion by its competitor powers such as France and Spain. The territorial ambitions of the French led to the War of the Spanish Succession^[21] and the Napoleonic Wars.^[6] Russian activity led to the Crimean War.^[14] After 1745 recruits were increasingly drawn from Scotland; by the mid-1760s between one fifth and one third of officers were from Scotland.^[22]

The vastly increasing demands of imperial expansion, and the inadequacies and inefficiencies of the underfunded, post-Napoleonic Wars British Army, and of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Force, led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late 19th century, which gave the British Army its modern shape, and redefined its regimental system.^[23] The British army also lagged behind other nations in some aspects of their military. On Queen Victoria's death, they did not have a general staff, a permanent divisional and corps organization, or enlistment by conscription. The Haldane Reforms of 1907, formally created the Territorial Force as the Army's volunteer reserve component.^[24]

World Wars

Great Britain's dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, notably Germany. The UK was allied with France (by the Entente Cordiale) and Russia, and when the First World War broke out in 1914, the British Army sent the British Expeditionary Force to France and Belgium to prevent Germany from occupying these countries.^[25] The War would be the most devastating in British military history, with near 800,000 men killed and over 2 million wounded. In the early part of the war, the professional force of the BEF was virtually destroyed and, by turns, a volunteer (and then conscripted) force replaced it. Major battles included the Battle of the Somme.^[26] Advances in technology saw advent of the tank,^[27] with the creation of the Royal Tank Regiment, and advances in aircraft design, with the creation of the Royal Flying Corps, which were to be decisive in future battles.^[28] Trench warfare dominated strategy on the Western Front, and the use of chemical and poison gases added to the devastation.^[29]

The Second World War broke out in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland.^[30] British assurances to the Polish led the British Empire to declare war on Germany. Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France,^[30] only to be hastily evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940.^[31] Only the Dunkirk evacuation saved the entire Expeditionary Force from capture.^[31] Later, however, the British would have spectacular success defeating the Italians and Germans at the Battle of El Alamein in North Africa,^[32] and in the D-Day invasion of Normandy with the help of American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand forces.^[33] Almost half of the Allied soldiers on D-day were British.^[34] In the Far East, the British army battled the Japanese in Burma.^[35] The Second World War saw the British army develop its Special Air Service, Commando units and the Parachute Regiment.^[36]

Postcolonial era

After the end of the Second World War, the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although National Service continued until 1960.^[37] This period also saw the process of Decolonisation commence with the end of the British Raj, and the independence of other colonies in Africa and Asia. Accordingly the army's strength was further reduced, in recognition of Britain's reduced role in world affairs, outlined in the 1957 Defence White Paper.^[38] This was despite major actions in Korea in 1950^[37] and Suez in 1956.^[39] A large force of British troops also remained in Germany, facing the threat of Soviet invasion.^[40] The British Army of the Rhine was the Germany garrison formation, with the main fighting force being I (BR) Corps. The Cold War saw significant technological advances in warfare and the Army saw more technologically advanced weapons systems come into service.^[41]

Despite the decline of the British Empire, the Army was still deployed around the world, fighting colonial wars in Aden,^[42] Cyprus,^[42] Kenya^[42] and Malaya.^[43] In 1982 the British Army, alongside the Royal Marines, helped to recapture the Falkland Islands during the Falklands conflict against Argentina.^[44]

In the three decades following 1969, the Army was heavily deployed in Northern Ireland, to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary (later the Police Service of Northern Ireland) in their conflict with republican paramilitary groups, called Operation Banner.^[45] The locally recruited Ulster Defence Regiment was formed, later becoming the Royal Irish Regiment in 1992. Over 700 soldiers were killed during the Troubles. Following the IRA ceasefires between 1994 and 1996 and since 1997, demilitarisation has taken place as part of the peace process, reducing the military presence from 30,000 to 5,000 troops.^[46] On 25 June 2007, the Second Battalion Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment vacated the Army complex at Bessbrook Mill in Armagh. This is part of the 'normalisation' programme in Northern Ireland in response to the IRA's declared end to its activities.^[47]

Today

Personnel

The British Army is purely a professional force since National service came to an end. The full-time element of the British Army is referred to as the Regular Army since the creation of the reservist Territorial Force in 1908.

As of 1st November 2011, the British Army employs 109,520 Regulars^[48] (which includes the 3,780 Brigade of Gurkhas) and 33,100 Territorials for a combined component strength of 142,620 soldiers. In addition there are 121,800 Regular Reserves of the British Army.^[49]

Equipment

Infantry The basic infantry weapon of the British Army is the L85A2 assault rifle, sometimes equipped with an L17A2 underbarrel grenade launcher and with several variants such as the L86A2, the Light Support Weapon (LSW) and the L22A2 carbine variant, issued to tank crews. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 General Purpose Machine Gun (GPMG); indirect fire by 51 and 81 mm mortars. Sniper rifles used include the L118A1 7.62 mm, the L115A3 and the AW50F, all produced by Accuracy International. Some units use the L82A1 .50 calibre Barrett sniper rifle. More recently the L128A1 (Benelli M4) 'combat shotgun' has been adopted, and is intended for close quarters combat in Afghanistan.^[50][51]

Armour The British Army's main battle tank is Challenger 2.^[52] Other armoured vehicles include Supacat "Jackal" MWMIK and the Iveco "Panther" CLV.^[53] The Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle is the primary armoured personnel carrier, although many variants of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance (tracked) are used, as well as the Saxon APC and FV430 series now being re-engined and uparmoured and returned to front line service as Bulldog.^[54] The British Army commonly uses the Land Rover Wolf and Land Rover Defender.^[55]

Artillery The Army uses three main artillery systems: the Multi Launch Rocket System (MLRS), AS-90 and L118. The MLRS was first used operationally in Operation Granby and has a range of 70 km (43 mi).^[56] The AS-90 is a 155 mm self-propelled gun.^[57] The L118 Light Gun is a 105 mm towed gun used primarily in support of 16 Air Assault Brigade, 19 Light Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade (Royal Marines).^[58] The Rapier FSC Missile System is the Army's primary battlefield air defence system, widely deployed since the Falklands War^[59] and the Starstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile) is a surface-to-air weapon, launched either by a single soldier or from a vehicle-mounted launcher.^[60]

Army Aviation The Army Air Corps (AAC) provide direct aviation support for the Army, although the RAF also assist in this role. The primary attack helicopter is the Westland WAH-64 Apache, a license-built, modified version of the AH-64 Apache that will replace the Westland Lynx AH7 in the anti-tank role.^[61] The Bell 212 is used as a specialist utility and transport helicopter, with a crew of two and a transport capacity of 12 troops.^[62] The Westland Gazelle helicopter is a light helicopter, primarily used for battlefield reconnaissance and control of artillery and aircraft.^[63] The Eurocopter AS 365N Dauphin is used for Special Operations Aviation^[64] and the Britten-Norman Islander is a light aircraft used for airborne reconnaissance and command.^[65]

Recent and current conflicts

Gulf War

The ending of the Cold War saw a significant cut in manpower, as outlined in the Options for Change review.^[66] Despite this, the Army has been deployed in an increasingly global role, and contributed 50,000 troops to the coalition force that fought Iraq in the Gulf War.^[67] British forces were put in control of Kuwait after it was liberated. 47 British Military personnel died during the Gulf War.^[68]

Balkans conflicts

The British Army was deployed to Yugoslavia in 1992; initially this force formed part of the United Nations Protection Force.^[69] In 1995 command was transferred to IFOR and then to SFOR.^[70] Currently troops are under the command of EUFOR. Over 10,000 troops were sent. In 1999 British forces under the command of SFOR were sent to Kosovo during the conflict there. Command was subsequently transferred to KFOR.^[71] Between early 1993 and June 2010, 72 British military personnel died on operations in the former Yugoslavian countries of Bosnia, Kosovo and Macedonia.^[72]

Afghanistan

In 2001 the United Kingdom, as a part of Operation Enduring Freedom with the United States, invaded Afghanistan to topple the Taliban.^[73] The 3rd Division were deployed in Kabul, to assist in the liberation of the troubled capital. The Royal Marines' 3 Commando Brigade (part of the Royal Navy but including a number of Army units), also swept the mountains.^[74] The British Army is today concentrating on fighting Taliban forces and bringing security to Helmand province. Approximately 9,000 British troops (including marines, airmen and sailors) are currently in Afghanistan, making it the second largest force after the US. Around 500 extra British troops were deployed in 2009, bringing the British Army deployment total up to 9,500 (excluding Special Forces).^[75] Between 2001 and June 2011 a total of 362 British military personnel have died on operations mainly in Afghanistan.^[76]

Iraq War

In 2003, the United Kingdom was a major contributor to the United States-led invasion of Iraq. There was major disagreement amongst the domestic populace but the House of Commons voted for the conflict, sending a force that would reach 46,000 army personnel to the region.^[77] The British Army controlled the southern regions of Iraq and maintained a peace-keeping presence in the city of Basra until their withdrawal on April 30, 2009. 179 British Military personnel have died on operations in Iraq.^[78] All of the remaining British troops were fully withdrawn from Iraq after the Iraqi government refused to extend their mandate.^[79]

Northern Ireland

Although having permanent garrisons there, the British Army was initially deployed in a peacekeeping role – codenamed "Operation Banner" – in Northern Ireland in the wake of Unionist attacks on Nationalist communities in Derry^[80] and Belfast^[81] and to prevent further Loyalist attacks on Catholic communities, under Operation Banner between 1969 and 2007 in support of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) and its successor, the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI).^[82] There has been a steady reduction in the number of troops deployed in Northern Ireland since the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998.^[83] In 2005, after the Provisional Irish Republican Army announced an end to its armed conflict in Northern Ireland, the British Army dismantled posts and withdrew many troops, and restored troop levels to that of a peace-time garrison.^[84]

Operation Banner ended at midnight on 31 July 2007, bringing to an end some 38 years of continuous deployment, making it the longest in the British Army's history.^[85] An internal British Army document released in 2007 stated that the British Army had failed to defeat the IRA but had made it impossible for them to win through the use of violence. Operation Helvetic replaced Operation Banner in 2007 maintaining fewer servicemen in a much more benign environment.^[85][86] From 1971 to 1997 a total of 763 British Military personnel were killed during the troubles.^[87] The British Armed Forces killed over 300 people.^[88] A total of 303 RUC officers were killed in the same time period. In March 2009, two soldiers and a Police Officer were killed in separate dissident republican attacks in Northern Ireland.^[89]

Current deployments

High intensity operations

Low intensity operations

Permanent overseas postings

Formation and structure

The structure of the British Army is complex, due to the different origins of its various constituent parts. It is broadly split into the Regular Army (full-time Officers/soldiers and units) and the Territorial Army (Spare-time Officers/soldiers and units).

In terms of its military structure, it has two parallel organisations, one administrative and one operational.

Administrative

• Regiments and Corps. These are listed below (in the template to the right), ranging from the Household Cavalry to the Army Physical Training Corps and the Royal Logistic Corps. Uniquely and somewhat confusingly, the Infantry, which is not a corps but a collection of separate regiments, is administered by 'Divisions' of infantry – Guards Division, Queen's Division, Scottish Division and so on.^[104]

Operational

• The major operational command is based at Andover and is known as "Army Headquarters".^[105][106] It is split into divisions and subordinate units ranging from regiments to squadrons.
• Divisions both operational (1 Div. based in Herford in Germany and 3 Div. based in Bulford)^[107] and regional divisions (effectively military districts) administrating all military units, both Regular and TA, within a geographical area (2 Div. based in Edinburgh, 4 Div. based in Aldershot and 5 Div. based in Shrewsbury).^[108]
  • Brigades, both fighting and in a non fighting regional capacity within HQ LF (for example,, 43 (Wessex) Brigade based in Bulford).

Structure of units

The standard operational units are structured as follows, although various units have their own structure, conventions, names and sizes:^[109]

Corps are made up of two or more divisions, but now are rarely deployed as a purely national formation due to the size of the British Army.^[109]

In place of a Battalion, a task-specific Battlegroup may be formed. A battlegroup is grown around the core of either an armoured regiment or infantry battalion, and has other units added or removed from it as necessary for its purpose. It results in a mixed formation of armour, infantry, artillery, engineers and support units, typically consisting of between 600 and 700 soldiers under the command of a Lieutenant Colonel.^[109]

A number of elements of the British Army use alternative terms for battalion, company and platoon. These include the Royal Armoured Corps, Corps of Royal Engineers, Royal Logistic Corps, and the Royal Corps of Signals who use regiment (battalion), squadron (company) and troop (platoon). The Royal Artillery are unique in using the term regiment in place of both corps and battalion, they also replace company with battery and platoon with troop.^[109]

Divisions

The British Army currently has 5 divisions with two (1st Armoured Division and 3rd Infantry Division) being at continual operational readiness for deployment.^[110]

Aviation components

The British Army operates alongside the Royal Air Force as part of a Joint Force, but the army also has its own Army Air Corps. Military helicopters of all three services are commanded by Joint Helicopter Command, a joint 2 star headquarters operating under HQ Land Forces.^[111]

Special forces

The British Army contributes two of the three special forces formations within the United Kingdom Special Forces Command; the Special Air Service Regiment and the Special Reconnaissance Regiment.^[112] The most famous formation is the Special Air Service Regiment. The SAS comprises one regular Regiment and two Territorial Army Regiments.^[113]

The regular Regiment, 22 SAS, has its headquarters and depot located in Hereford and consists of five squadrons: A, B, D, G and Reserve with a training wing.^[114] The two reserve SAS Regiments; 21 SAS and 23 SAS have a more limited role, to provide depth to the UKSF group through the provision of Individual and collective augmentation to the regular component of UKSF and standalone elements up to task group (Regimental) level focused on support and influence (S&I) operations to assist conflict stabilisation.^[115]

The Special Reconnaissance Regiment (SRR) which was formed in 2005, from existing assets, undertakes close reconnaissance and special surveillance tasks.^[112] Formed around 1st Battalion the Parachute Regiment, with attached Royal Marines assets, the Special Forces Support Group are under the Operational Control of Director Special Forces to provide operational manoeuvre support to the elements of United Kingdom Special Forces.^[116]

Overseas Territories military units

Numerous military units were raised historically in British territories, including self-governing and Crown colonies, and protectorates. Few of these have appeared on the Army List, and their relationship to the British Army has been ambiguous. Whereas Dominions, such as Canada and Australia, raised their own armies, the defence of Crown possessions (like the Channel Islands), and colonies (now called Overseas Territories) was, and is, the responsibility of the UK (due to their status as territories of Britain, not British protectorates).

Current Overseas Territories Regiments;

• Bermuda Regiment
• Gibraltar Regiment
• Falkland Islands Defence Force

Royal Navy and RAF ground units

The other armed services have their own infantry units which are not part of the British Army. The Royal Marines are amphibious light infantry forming part of the Naval Service, and the Royal Air Force has the RAF Regiment used for airfield defence, force protection duties and Forward Air Control.^[117]

Recruitment

The Army mainly recruits within the United Kingdom; it normally has a recruitment target of around 12,000 soldiers per year.^[118]

Low unemployment in Britain has resulted in the Army having difficulty in meeting its target. In the early years of the 21st century there has been a marked increase in the number of recruits from other (mostly Commonwealth) countries. In 2006 overseas recruitment, mostly in Commonwealth countries, generated more than 6,000 soldiers from 54 nations; together with the 3,000 Gurkhas, 10% of the British Army is a foreign national.^[119]

The Ministry of Defence now caps the number of recruits from Commonwealth countries, although this will not affect the Gurkhas. If the trend continues 10% of the army will be from Commonwealth countries before 2012. The cap is in place as some fear the army's British character is being diluted, and employing too many could make the army seen as employing mercenaries.^[120]

The minimum recruitment age is 16 years (after the end of GCSEs), although soldiers may not serve on operations below 18 years; the maximum recruitment age was raised in January 2007 from 26 to 33 years. The normal term of engagement is 22 years, and, once enlisted, soldiers are not normally permitted to leave until they have served at least 4 years.^[121]

There has been a strong and continuing tradition of recruiting from Ireland including what is now the Republic of Ireland.^{[122][123][124][125]} Over 200,000 Irish soldiers fought in the First World War.^[126][127] More than 60,000 Irishmen from what was then the Irish Free State^[128] (now the Republic of Ireland) and 38,000 from Northern Ireland served in the Second World War,^[129] all volunteered.

Oath of allegiance

All soldiers must take an oath of allegiance upon joining the Army, a process known as attestation. Those who believe in God, and wish to swear by Him, use the following words:

I (your name), swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, her heirs and successors and that I will as in duty bound honestly and faithfully defend Her Majesty, her heirs and successors in person, crown and dignity against all enemies and will observe and obey all orders of Her Majesty, her heirs and successors and of the generals and officers set over me.^[130]

Others replace the words "swear by Almighty God" with "solemnly, sincerely and truly declare and affirm".^[131]

Training establishments

• Royal Military Academy Sandhurst (RMAS) is the officer training establishment. All officers, regular and reserve, attend RMAS at some point in their training.
• Royal School of Artillery (RSA) trains the Royal Artillery.
• Royal School of Military Engineering (RSME) trains the Corps of Royal Engineers as well as personnel from across the Armed Forces and other Government Departments in a variety of general engineering and specialist skills.
• Army Training Regiments:
  • ATR Bassingbourn
  • ATR Winchester
  • ATC Pirbright
• Infantry Training Centres:
  • ITC Catterick
  • Infantry Battle School, Brecon
  • Support Weapons School, Warminster
• Army Foundation College (Harrogate)
• Regional training centres
• Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College

Flags and ensigns

The British Army does not have its own specific ensign for the whole Army, unlike the Royal Navy, which uses the White Ensign, and the RAF, which uses the Royal Air Force Ensign. Instead, the Army has different flags and ensigns, some for the entire army and many for the different regiments and corps. The official flag of the Army as a whole is the Union Flag, flown in a ratio of 3:5. A non-ceremonial flag also exists, which is used at recruiting events, military events and exhibitions. It also flies from the Ministry of Defence building in Whitehall.^[132]

Whilst at war, the Union Flag is always used, and this flag represents the Army on The Cenotaph at Whitehall, London (the UK's memorial to its war dead).^[133]

The British Army has throughout its history operated ships, ports and a myriad of boats. Boats, Landing Craft and Ports are still operated by the Army and ensigns exists for vessels commanded by the Army. The Royal Logistic Corps operates a large fleet of vessels from its base at Marchwood near Southampton.^[134]

The Royal Engineers has had fleets since the introduction of diving in 1838 and was granted an ensign following the foundation of the Royal Engineers Submarine Mining Service in 1871, where it operated sea mine laying ships, before transfer of the trade to the Royal Navy. The Corps maintains a Blue Ensign defaced by the crest of the Board of Ordnance from where the Corps developed, which it flys from its fleet and shore establishments that routinely operate boats.^[135]

Each Foot Guards and line regiment (excluding The Rifles and Royal Gurkha Rifles (RGR)) also has its own flags, known as Colours—normally a Regimental Colour and a Queen's Colour. The design of different Regimental Colours. vary but typically the colour has the Regiment's badge in the centre. The RGR carry the Queen's Truncheon in place of Colours.^[136]

Ranks, specialisms and insignia

Every regiment and corps has its own distinctive insignia, such as cap badge, beret, tactical recognition flash and stable belt.

Throughout the army there are many official specialisms. They do not affect rank, but they do affect pay bands.

Tommy Atkins and other nicknames

A long established nickname for a British soldier has been Tommy Atkins or Tommy for short. The origins are obscure but most probably derive from a specimen army form circulated by the Adjutant-General Sir Harry Calvert to all units in 1815 where the blanks had been filled in with the particulars of a Private Thomas Atkins, No 6 Company, 23rd Regiment of Foot. German soldiers in both World Wars would usually refer to their British opponents as Tommys. Present-day British soldiers are often referred to as Toms or just Tom. The British Army magazine Soldier has a regular cartoon strip, Tom, featuring the everyday life of a British soldier. Outside of the services, soldiers are generally known as squaddies by the British popular press, and the general public.^[137]

Another nickname which applies only to soldiers in Scottish regiments is Jock, derived from the fact that in Scotland the common Christian name John is often changed to Jock in the vernacular. Welsh soldiers are occasionally referred to as Taffy or just Taff. This may only apply to those from the Taff-Ely Valley in South Wales, where a large portion of men, left unemployed from the decline of the coal industry in the area, enlisted during WW I and WW II. Alternatively, it is derived from the supposed Welsh pronunciation of Dafydd^[138]—the vernacular form of Dave or Davey, the patron Saint of Wales being Saint David.^[139] Irish soldiers are referred to as Paddy or Mick.

Junior officers in the army are sometimes known as Ruperts by the Other ranks. This nickname is believed either to be derived from the children's comic book character Rupert Bear who epitomises traditional public school values or from the preponderance of that particular forename amongst young men from a public school background.^[140]

See also

• Ministry of Defence
• Redcoat
• Territorial Army (United Kingdom)
• ArmyNET
• Volunteer Army
• British military history
• Royal Navy
• Royal Air Force
• United Kingdom Special Forces
• Modern equipment of the British Army
• British Army Uniform
• Sexual orientation and military service
• Army Cadet Force (ACF)
• Jankers (army punishments)
• British campaign medals

References and notes

Sources

• Cassidy, Robert M (2006). Counterinsurgency and the global war on terror: military culture and irregular war. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275989909. 
• Ensor, (Sir) Robert (1936). England: 1870–1914. (The Oxford History of England, Volume XIV) (Revised, 1980 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821705-6. 
• Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2009). Who Dares Wins — The SAS and the Iranian Embassy Siege 1980. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1846033950. 
• Heyman, Charles (2009). The Armed Forces of the United Kingdom 2010–2011. Pen & Sword. ISBN 9781848840843. 
• Mallinson, Allan (2009). The Making of the British Army. Bantam Press. ISBN 9780593051085. 
• Miller, John (2000). James II. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300087284. 
• Taylor, AJP (1976). The Second World War an illustrated history. Penguin books. ISBN 0140041354. 

Further Reading

• Holmes, Richard (2011). Soldiers: Army Lives and Loyalties from Redcoats to Dusty Warriors. HarperCollins. 

External links

• British Army Website
• British Army Reserve Support
• British Army Sports, Museums & Associations Website
• UK Defence Statistics 2008
• British Army/Navy/RAF Website
• British Army Friends Reunited
• "Discussion of British Soldier Letters From Rev. War" (Article)
• Extensive information about the British Army, Royal Navy and the RAF
• British Army Quick Facts
• Find Army Friends – Army Reunions